Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Manic-Depressive Holden :: free essay writer

Manic-Depressive Behavior Exhibited in The Catcher in the Rye  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Cawfield a New York City teenager in the 1950's as a manic-depressive. Holden's depression starts with the death of his brother, Allie . Holden is expelled from numerous schools due to his poor academics which are brought on by his depression.   Manic depression, compulsive lying, and immaturity throughout the novel characterize Holden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Events in Holden's life lead him to become depressed. Holden's depression centers on Allie. The manner that Holden sees himself and how he sees others leads him to be expelled from school. The speaker expresses, "One thing about packing depressed me a little," (51). Holden expresses these feelings when he packs his bags after being notified that he is expelled.   Holden leaves school and heads for New York City, where he finds himself to be more lonely and depressed than ever. He is all alone and he laments, " What I really felt like doing was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out of the window," (104). Holden says this while he is all alone in his motel room. He is too ashamed of himself to return home, he knows that his mother will be upset and his father will be angry with him. He also adds that " I wasn’t feeling sleepy or anything, but I was feeling sort of lousy. Depressed and all, I almost wished I was dead," (90). Ho lden states this during one of the first nights that he is staying in New York.   Holden expresses many thoughts of depression.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compulsive lying is another characteristic that   Holden exhibits. Holden would tell people lies just so they could not become closer to the real Holden. Holden tells lies on numerous occasions to gain.   Holden pathetically tells Mrs. Morrow, " I have to have a tiny operation†¦ it isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on my brain" (58). She tells Holden that she is very sorry and she is hopeful that he shall be well soon. Holden then catches him self in a lie and he remarkes, "Once I get started, I can go on for hours if I feel like it," (58). This compulsive lying shows that Holden is not satisfied with himself and that he feels that people will judge him critically.

In Gothic texts, women are either hopelessly submissive or significantly absent Essay

The novel Frankenstein is dominated with male characters amidst female characters often being used to fill minor roles. For a female character to be ‘hopelessly submissive’ we would expect the character was pre-determined to be passive with no chance of progressing from the ‘submissive’ role. However in Frankenstein we see female character such a Elizabeth Lavenza stand alone at points even when other are against her for example the persecution of Justine Moritz. The term ‘significantly absent’ implies the female to be absent in order to teach a lesson or convey a message, to have some primary objective. Within Frankenstein this is true in relation to Caroline who dies yet the absence is significant within the plot and Mary Shelley’s authorial message. In regards to women being ‘significantly absent’ we see the character of Margaret Saville, Robert Walton’s sister, follow this idea. Within the opening letters of the frame narrative of ‘Frankenstein’ we are made aware of ‘dear Margaret’ being the recipient of Roberts’s letters informing the reader of his whereabouts. We never hear from Margaret herself yet we know she’s disapproves of Robert’s excursion, Shelley intentionally provides the views of Margaret second handily; whatever we know about her is conveyed through Roberts writings. Throughout the novel any mention of women comes from either Robert or Victor and the reader is never made aware of the thoughts and feelings of the women directly and therefore a gender bias is apparent. The absence of a female narration also reflects the male dominance present at the time the novel was written mirroring the submissive woman. Similarly Elizabeth Lavenza, an orphan adopted by the Frankenstein’s, can also be seen as submissive due her passive role. Elizabeth is objectified from the moment we are introduced to her; she is presented as property of victor when described as a ‘pretty present’ for victor to play with. Here Mary Shelley is making a point of the unfair treatment of women and their objectification. Elizabeth represents a character much like Shelley herself she is aids the poor, respects all classes and supports Justine when wrongly accused. In this sense Elizabeth is neither ‘hopelessly submissive’ nor ‘significantly absent’ instead she expresses individualism in her actions which can be admired by the reader and run unconventional in the genre of gothic novels. Victor’s mother, Caroline Frankenstein, can be seen as both ‘hopelessly submissive’ and ‘significantly absent.’ After dying of ‘scarlet fever’ victor is absent of a mother figure and it may be questioned if this is an element of his disintegration of character. After bringing the monster to life Victor dreams he dreams he ‘held the corpse’ of his ‘dead mother’ creating some disturbance and upholding the genre of the gothic. In this case victors ‘absent’ mother is affecting him mentally and this can be seen as Shelley showing the power of females which is overlooked by men. Caroline can be related to the feminist theory of ‘the angel in the house.’ The angel in the house refers to a maternal, domestic female seen as an idealisation for men. Caroline is often portrayed as a weak vulnerable woman with a ‘soft and benevolent mind’ and therefore fits into the ‘submissiveâ⠂¬â„¢ female character. After her death it seems the ‘angel of the house’ is then shifted to Elizabeth who takes over the role of the mother and is devoted to the family becoming the maternal figure herself. The statement reduces the women within gothic novels to just two roles ‘hopelessly submissive’ or ‘significantly absent’ and therefore is very limiting towards the female characters of gothic novels. Although the women in Frankenstein do display these roles these are just two of many. We see both Margaret and Caroline to be significantly absent and Elizabeth is often submissive within her place in the family prior to Caroline’s death. However all the female characters within Frankenstein, other than Margaret (she is the only one to remain significantly absent throughout) display many more elements within their characters. Consequently when considering this statement in the light of the female characters in Frankenstein it fails to account for other character roles and therefore is only partially valid when applying to Frankenstein.

Biography of Kublai Khan, Ruler of Mongolia and China

Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215–February 18, 1294) was a Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was the most famous grandson of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, expanding his grandfathers empire and ruling the vast territory. He was the first non-Han emperor to conquer all of China. Fast Fact: Kublai Khan Known For:  Mongol Emperor, conqueror of southern China, founder of the Yuan dynasty in ChinaAlso Known As:  Kubla, KhubilaiBorn:  September 23, 1215 in MongoliaParents: Tolui and SorkhotaniDied:  February 18, 1294 in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing, China)Education: UnknownSpouse(s): Tegulen, Chabi of the Khonigirad, Nambui  Children: Dorji, Zhenjin, Manggala, Nomukhan, Khutugh-beki, and many others Early Life Although Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan, very little is known about his childhood. We do know that Kublai was born in 1215 to Tolui (the youngest son of Genghis) and his wife Sorkhotani, a Nestorian Christian princess of the Kereyid Confederacy. Kublai was the couples fourth son. Sorkhotani was famously ambitious for her sons  and raised them to be leaders of the Mongol Empire, despite their alcoholic and fairly ineffectual father. Sorkhotanis political savvy was legendary; Rashid al-Din of Persia noted that she was extremely intelligent and able and towered above all the women in the world. With their mothers support and influence, Kublai and his brothers would go on to take control of the Mongol world from their uncles and cousins. Kublais brothers included Mongke, later also Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Hulagu, Khan of the Ilkhanate in the Middle East who crushed the Assassins but was fought to a standstill at Ayn Jalut by the Egyptian Mamluks. From an early age, Kublai proved adept at traditional Mongol pursuits. At 9, he had his first recorded hunting success and he would relish hunting for the rest of his life. He also excelled at conquest, the other Mongolian sport of the day. Gathering Power In 1236, Kublais uncle Ogedei Khan granted the young man a fiefdom of 10,000 households in Hebei Province, northern China. Kublai did not administer the region directly, allowing his Mongol agents a free hand. They imposed such high taxes on the Chinese peasants that many fled their land. At last, Kublai took a direct interest and halted abuses, so that the population grew once more. When Kublais brother Mongke became Great Khan in 1251, he named Kublai Viceroy of Northern China. Two years later, Kublai struck deep into southwest China, in what would be a three-year campaign to pacify Yunnan, the Sichuan region, and the Kingdom of Dali. In a sign of his growing attachment to China and Chinese customs, Kublai ordered his advisors to select a site for a new capital based on feng shui. They chose a spot on the frontier between Chinas agricultural lands and the Mongolian steppe; Kublais new northern capital was called Shang-tu (Upper Capital), which Europeans later interpreted as Xanadu. Kublai was at war in Sichuan once again in 1259, when he learned that his brother Mongke had died. Kublai did not immediately withdraw from Sichuan upon Mongke Khans death, leaving his younger brother Arik Boke time to gather troops and convene a kuriltai, or selecting council, in Karakhoram, the Mongol capital. The kuriltai named Arik Boke as the new Great Khan, but Kublai and his brother Hulagu disputed the result and held their own kuriltai, which named Kublai the Great Khan. This dispute touched off a civil war. Kublai, the Great Khan Kublais troops destroyed the Mongol capital at Karakhoram, but Arik Bokes army continued fighting. It was not until August 21, 1264, that Arik Boke finally surrendered to his older brother at Shang-tu. As Great Khan, Kublai Khan had direct control over the Mongol homeland and Mongol possessions in China. He was also the head of the larger Mongol Empire, with a measure of authority over the leaders of the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanates in the Middle East, and the other hordes. Although Kublai exerted power over much of Eurasia, opponents to Mongol rule still held out in nearby southern China. He needed to conquer this region once and for all and unite the land. Conquest of Song China In a program to win Chinese allegiance, Kublai Khan converted to Buddhism, moved his main capital from Shang-du to Dadu (modern-day Beijing), and named his dynasty in China Dai Yuan in 1271. Naturally, this prompted charges that he was abandoning his Mongol heritage and sparked riots in Karakhoram. Nevertheless, this tactic was successful. In 1276, most of the Song imperial family formally surrendered to Kublai Khan, yielding their royal seal to him, but this was not the end of resistance. Led by the Empress Dowager, loyalists continued to fight until 1279, when the Battle of Yamen marked the final conquest of Song China. As Mongol forces surrounded the palace, a Song official jumped into the ocean carrying the 8-year-old Chinese emperor, and both drowned. Kublai Khan as Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan came to power through strength of arms, but his reign also featured advancements in political organization and the arts and sciences. The first Yuan Emperor organized his bureaucracy based on the traditional Mongol ordu or court system, but also adopted many aspects of Chinese administrative practice. It was a shrewd decision since he had only tens of thousands of Mongols with him, and they had to rule millions of Chinese. Kublai Khan also employed large numbers of Chinese officials and advisors. New artistic styles flourished as Kublai Khan sponsored a melding of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism. He also issued paper currency that was good throughout China and was backed by gold reserves. The emperor patronized astronomers and clockmakers  and hired a monk to create a written language for some of Western Chinas non-literate languages. Visit of Marco Polo From a European perspective, one of the most important events in Kublai Khans reign was the 20-year sojourn in China by Marco Polo, along with his father and uncle. To the Mongols, however, this interaction was simply an amusing footnote. Marcos father and uncle had previously visited Kublai Khan  and were returning in 1271 to deliver a letter from the Pope and some oil from Jerusalem to the Mongol ruler. The Venetian merchants brought along the 16-year-old Marco, who was gifted in languages. After an overland journey of three and a half years, the Polos reached Shang-du. Marco likely served as a court functionary of some sort. Although the family asked permission to return to Venice several times over the years, Kublai Khan denied their requests. Finally, in 1292, they were allowed to return along with the wedding cortege of a Mongol princess, who was sent to Persia to marry one of the Ilkhans. The wedding party sailed the Indian Ocean trade routes, a voyage that took two years and introduced Marco Polo to what is now Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. Marco Polos vivid descriptions of his Asian travels, as told to a friend, inspired many other Europeans to seek wealth and exotic experiences in the Far East. However, it is important not to overstate his influence; trade along the Silk Road was in full flow long before his travelogue was published. Kublai Khans Invasions and Blunders Although he ruled the worlds richest empire in Yuan China, as well as the second-largest land empire ever, Kublai Khan was not content. He grew obsessed with further conquest in East and Southeast Asia. Kublais land-based attacks on Burma, Annam (northern Vietnam), Sakhalin, and Champa (southern Vietnam) were all nominally successful. Each of these countries became tributary states of Yuan China, but the tribute they submitted did not even begin to pay for the cost of conquering them. Even more ill-advised were Kublai Khans sea-borne invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, as well as the 1293 invasion of Java (now in Indonesia). The defeats of these armadas seemed to some of Kublai Khans subjects as a sign that he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Death In 1281, Kublai Khans favorite wife and close companion Chabi died. This sad event was followed in 1285 by the death of Zhenjin, the Great Khans oldest son and heir apparent. With these losses, the Kublai Khan began to withdraw from the  administration of his empire. Kublai Khan tried to drown his sorrow with alcohol and luxurious food. He grew quite obese and developed gout. After a long decline, he died on February 18, 1294. He was buried in secret burial grounds in Mongolia. Kublai Khans Legacy The Great Khan was succeeded by his grandson Temur Khan, the son of Zhenjin. Kublais daughter Khutugh-beki married King Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became Queen of Korea as well. In Europe, Khans empire prompted wild flights of fancy from the time of  Marco Polos  expedition. His name may be most remembered in western countries today from the poem Kubla Khan, written by Samuel Coleridge in 1797. More importantly, Kublai Khans reign had an enormous impact on Asian history. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history. He had reunited China after centuries of division and strife and ruled with shrewdness. Although the Yuan Dynasty lasted only until 1368, it served as a precedent for the later ethnic-Manchu Qing Dynasty. Sources Polo, Marco, Hugh Murray Giovanni Battista Baldelli Boni. The Travels of Marco Polo, New York: Harper Brothers, 1845.Rossabi, Morris. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

The Role Of Women During The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement is typically only seen in terms of race relations in the United States of America. Steve Estes’, I Am a Man deals with these relationships between white and black men while introducing these concepts in terms of gender and masculinity. But one cannot have masculinity without femininity, which will be the focus of this paper. The role of women in the Civil Rights Movement is key to understanding masculinity. Women were used by both white and black men in order to prove their own masculinity and further their own agendas. In this period of time, white men are the ideal people who have the most power and privilege. They are the people who are leading companies, making decisions at the highest levels, and they have†¦show more content†¦Women were victims, and the tough man needs to protect these fragile women from the ‘beasts’ that are black men. It is convenient that women need protecting, because they use this victimization to fur ther their position on segregation. Their women being in the way of harm seems like a viable reason for whites and blacks to be separated, right? That was the goal for the white man. They even went further, saying â€Å"segregation alone would not afford white men the necessary power to protect white women from supposedly uncivilized black men† (64). They used the subordination of their women to vie for even more separation of the races. White women need even more than segregation to ensure their safety, and the white man makes sure this is emphasized to defend their desire to preserve it. Women’s victimization gave white men a reason to oppose black men, which shows that white women are essential to masculinity. The white man portrays a woman as needing protection because they are fragile and cannot defend themselves. The woman is a treasure for a man that must be safeguarded, and yet they use connotations of womanhood to denounce the masculinity of a man. Estes shows a picture on page 49 with the caption â€Å"This cartoon†¦ portrays Arkansas news editor Harry Ashmore as a woman named ‘Pussyfoot,’ because Ashmore was not man enough to stand up for segregation† (49). Though men act as if their woman are their prize possessions that must be protected at allShow MoreRelatedWomen s Role During The Civil Rights Movement1272 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s status has changed dramatically over the years in the U.S. When the nation was first established, women had no rights. They were not even considered legal citizens until 1868. Their role was being â€Å"in the home,† also known as cooking, cleaning, etc. They had absolutely no power. Women have fought for everything they have achieved in the past and continue to fight today for gender equality. 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In general, the American Civil War is thought to have started mostly because of a discrepancy on how to handle slavery. The difference in opinion is most likely a result of political, economic, and religious tension within the country. Before a civil war was even thought about, southern leaders spoke of freeing their slaves and many predicted the demise of slavery dueRead MoreThe War On The Home Front1112 Words   |  5 Pagesfront. Those two events were WWII and the Cold War. Civil rights, the cultural norms, and society at large, had changed greatly during a short amount of time due to these events. The United States was fight a war on two fronts, both at home and overseas. The wars overseas had great influence and impact on the successes that would come over time on the home front. Without these wars and times of trials and tribulations, the civil rights movement and society as a whole, would most likely have not hadRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Civil War1557 Words   |   7 Pages the American Civil War came at a key time to change the women’s rights landscape. The period leading up to the Civil War, however, did not see a society ready to change, and thus, little work was done towards the women’s rights movement. According to Women’s Civil War History author Mary Elizabeth Massey, women’s rights activists before the Civil War were small in numbers, but opinionated (qtd in Hall 1-2). Dogmatic women’s rights activists were stuck in a world that deemed women as inferior, whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Pauli Murray Who Was An African American Civil Rights1486 Words   |  6 Pages Pauli Murray who was an African American civil rights attorney once said, â€Å"Like-minded women found one another, bonds developed through working together, and an informal feminist network emerged to act a leaven in the broader movement that followed† (Dubois and Dumenil 2016, 572). Despite race separation in America, American women came together to aid in a way that they could. This time they had their foot in the door of the political side of the times, and at the same time risked their livesRead MoreThe During The 19th Century902 Words   |  4 PagesThe events in the 19th century had changed the lives of women and blacks completely. It was an age where the impact of the industrial revolution caused a sharp differentiation between the gender roles, especially of the upper and middle classes. In 19th century, appeared the events such as African American Civil Rights Movement, Civil War, and The Women’s Rights Movement had put women and blacks’ role to a n ew level. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic domains to support the soldiers

Welfare Is A Program For Unemployed Or Poor People

Welfare is a program for unemployed or poor people in which the government helps pay for their housing, medical costs, food and more. It is government benefits that are distributed to people or families that are not financially stable. It enables them to maintain and keep a minimum or amount of well-being. There are programs that include the Women, Medicaid, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) that give help to poor families. Back in the earlier days of America, the colonies imported the British Poor Laws. They made a distinction between the people who were not able to work because of their physical health or age and the people who are able to work, but are unemployed. Welfare history continued throughout the 1800’s when attempts were made to reform how the government dealt with the poor. Some of the changes were made to try to help the poor get to work instead of continuing to need assistance financially. Social workers wou ld visit the poor and train them in morals. A work ethic was advocated by those reformers in the 1880s and 1890s. Before the Great Depression, congress supported multiple programs to help and assist the poor. A Civil War Pension ,one of the programs, was passed in 1862. It provided aid to Civil War Veterans along with their families. Many families suffered poverty during the Great Depression and about one-fourth of the working people were left unemployed. This is when the government stepped in to helpShow MoreRelatedWelfare Is A Government Program1111 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare is a government program that provides financial aid to families or individuals who cannot provide for themselves. Welfare helps pay for poor people’s necessities such as food, housing, and medical care. Welfare is a program that is needed in the world, because some people don’t know how to be independent and take care of themselves. Social Welfare began after the Great Depression occurred. The Great Depression caused several families to become unemployed during and following this timeRead MoreWelfare Policy And The American Government1162 Words   |  5 Pages Welfare Policy Lana Eliot Sociology 320 Professor Mentor March 26, 2016 When a person first hears the word welfare, they think of free money, food and lazy people. This is such a stereotyped opinion of all that the welfare system is and what it does for millions of individuals and families in the United States. To socially define welfare one could view it as a: social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need† (dictionary.com). BecauseRead MoreWelfare Reform Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare has been around for than six decades. Since the beginning of its creation people have question whether the programs offered is helping the community. As American taxpayers, your funds contribute to welfare for others. Due to the large number of members who receives government assistants, it is not that simple to monitor every individual. But, I propose that welfare should be reformed. Society is abusing the access to social welfare and to change the downfall sure to come, the governmentRead MoreSocial We lfare : The United States978 Words   |  4 PagesSocial welfare programs are when society organizes efforts to meet some human needs. In the United States social welfare philosophies have changed throughout the years, and support for social welfare has gone both ways. English Poor Laws During 1601, England was experiencing a severe economic depression, with large scale unemployment and widespread famine. Queen Elizabeth created a set of laws designed to maintain order of the kingdom: the English Poor Laws. †¯These laws remained in force forRead MoreWelfare Of The United States998 Words   |  4 PagesWelfare is a subject of debate in the United States because everyone has a different point of view when it comes to the Social Security Act. On one side the rich may feel that the government takes from the rich, and gives to the poor. The poor on the other hand may believe that they are being forgotten and not helped enough by the government. Are the government financial assistance programs really working and helping people climb out of poverty or are they creating lazy people who depend on governmentRead MorePoverty Is The State Of Not For Poor, Single Parent Households And The Disabled1153 Words   |  5 Pageshousing, and clothing) to survive. The government programs that are designed to alleviate poverty and help the poor are called â€Å"public welfare† or antipoverty programs. 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This public policy program has come to be a very controversial subject on both sides of the political arena. Originally created during the Great Depression, where the majority of households, through no fault of their own were living in poverty. Although many changes to the system have been made, the original focus is the same. ToRead MoreEssay Welfare-To-Work: Welfare Programming1070 Words   |  5 Pagesa horse to water but, if you don’t teach him to read, he won’t know its poison. This is exactly how the current welfare programs in the United States are run. The current Welfare Reform is failing due to Political indulgence in statistics, focusing on the percentage of individuals attaining employment instead of the quality of employee and employment. In order to be successful Welfare Reform must contain vocational education with proper job placement and fair sanctions on recipients. The numbers

Compare and Contrast Traditional and Modern Families free essay sample

Faou-n NOURI-GIRONES 071807 CIT Compare and contrast traditional and modern families Since the nineteenth century, in the western societies, family patterns changed under the forces of industrialisation and urbanisation. Another factor which has been involved in those changes is the growing intervention of the state, by legislative action, in the domestic affairs of the family. As a result of these trends, the modern nuclear family has been substituted for the traditional extended family. The increase of values such as individualism and egalitarism has influenced the patterns of modern family. Although traditional and modern families share similarities in terms of constitutional concept and milieu of love and care, they have several differences in term of family size and gender roles. Traditional and modern families share similarities in terms of constitutional concept. As the traditional family was, modern family is still on institutional component of western societies. In other words, both are a unit structure or basic organism of which society is composed. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Traditional and Modern Families or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As an institution, traditional and modern families similarly have to complete functions such as rocreation and socialization of children. For example, even though the modern family has decreased in size, it is still the common environment where children are born; receive a moral education, where their tendencies are disciplined and where their aspirations are encouraged. Therefore, to reassure the pessimist sociologist of the early twentieth century, family evolution has not lead to desinstitutionalization. Another similarity between traditional and modern families is that both are a favourable milieu for love and care. As it was in the traditional family there is in the odern family a formidable tie between husband and wife, which springs from an elective affinity and symbolises love. In the warmness of the family this love spreads amid the children who tend to experience it in their adult life. In addition, in the traditional families the mother usually bore the sole responsibility of the child caring. Modern parents now share this responsibility together because of social and work constraints. However, holidays which are not common in the traditional family, allow them to spend quality time with their children. Moreover in many modern families he father becomes a house worker, to provide for the needs of his children. As the statistics shown in the United Kingdom in 2001, 155 000 fathers were stay home husbands. All in all, the emphasis on nurturing children can be seen in traditional and modern families, alike. Apart from the similarities mentioned above, traditional and modern families have several differences in the areas of family size and gender roles. One major difference between the traditional and modern family is the decrease in family size. The traditional family tends to be extended with three or ore generations in the same household because it provides a strong union between its members. Another reason for a large household is that usually farming was the principal economic activity of the family parents and dependants children. Unlike the traditional family the modern family lives in small houses due to the fact that big houses are expensive and also because modern families usually live in cities. In addition the modern mothers use contraceptive medicine to reduce the chance to have babies whereas traditional mothers did not use birth control. Statistics from the National Office show that the verage number of children by women born in 1934 decreased from 2. 46 to 1. 76 for women born in mid 1980s. To sum up, the migration of the family to the cities, financial constraint and birth control contributed to the decrease in family seize. Another difference is the shift which occurred in the role of male and female within the transition from traditional to modern family. In the traditional family the male was dominant; he was the breadwinner, the sole financial provider to the family. In part related to this, the women were dependant on her husband. In fact, she had to obey not only her husband but also the other males living in the household. Conversely, in the modern family there are equal rights between male and female, as women has the right to enter the workforce and be financially independent. Therefore, the commitment of women in the economic affairs of the family has contributed to set up a mutual respect in the modern family. Furthermore, in the modern family fathers are no longer the authoritarian leaders, very often they discuss with their family before making important decision. As a result owing to the hange in gender role, there has been a great improvement in the relationship between modern family members. To conclude, although, traditional and modern families differ in many areas such as family size, division of responsibilities of labour between the sexes; they share more than one common universal institutional concept. Furthermore, their similarity as an environment of love and caring as much as the differences above are the produce of societies advances. Therefore, there is no reason for people to think that family evolution is declining Word count: 839 2

Public Health Characteristics

Different people perceive varying images as far as public health is concerned. Moreover, it can imply different ideas depending on the context used. In the United States, there are various public health perceptions. Public health refers to the science of improving and guarding people’s health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is achieved through strategies such as research on diseases, enhancing healthy lifestyles, preventing injury, and creating awareness. Public health experts play a great responsibility in assessing how the environment, personal decisions, and genetics influence health. Through the assessment, they are able to come up with strategies for guarding societies, families, and individuals. Public Health’s Contribution towards Improvement of Quality of Life and Health Status As a result of public health, individuals can live for longer periods. This is attributed to the fact that public health deals with creating awareness about the strategies that are most effective in preventing diseases. In addition, individuals are advised on appropriate diets, which promote healthy immune systems. When people are aware about prevention of diseases and the significance of nutrients in the body, they are able to take appropriate measures, which lengthens their lives. Public health also deals with environmental protection. This ensures that air, land, and water pollution are prevented. A clean environment is vital for ensuring that water- borne and air- borne diseases are prevented (Webster, 2001). Consequently, this ensures healthy communities. Public health is extremely important in ensuring safer births. Public health experts advocate for better maternal and health services that entails the care of all age groups. The vulnerable groups such as children aged less than five years, expectant and lactating mothers , people suffering from chronic diseases, and HIV/ AIDS victims have their health needs cared for comprehensively. As a result, expectant mothers are guaranteed safer births. Children aged less than five years, expectant and lactating mothers are provided with comprehensive health care programs, which reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Historical Phenomena Responsible for Public Health Responses’ Development A Quarantine refers to a public health policy that was practiced during the fourteenth century. Various quarantine systems were developed as a strategy of isolating merchandise and travellers believed to be coming from infected regions. A majority of the urban authorities operated cordon sanitaire, which had strict regulations. These controls methods were practiced until the nineteenth century. This was particularly during outbreaks such as cholera, measles, and chicken pox. Moreover, the control methods were aimed at protecting the health of people (Grif fiths Hunter, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 2nd quarter of the 19th century, â€Å"state medicine† was used. Through the ‘sanitary idea’, a dominant public health administration would be established to ensure that local authorities provided appropriate street cleaning, sewers, and drains. Moreover, there would be environmental regulation of offensive businesses, nuisances, and housing. Distinctive and Unique Public Health Features Public health gives quarantine a significant role as far as disease prevention is concerned. The movement of people and goods can act as a mode of transferring public health dangers. Therefore, public health ensures keen surveillance. Public health relies heavily on creating and transmitting information on disease prevention. There is a key concern that every person has a great role in safeguarding their health , which promotes a healthy community. Public health considers the eradication of smallpox a great success. Therefore, immunization is a key public health feature (Webster, 2001). References Griffiths, S., Hunter, D. J. (1999). Perspectives in Public Health. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press. Webster, C. (2001). Caring for health: History and diversity (3rd ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press. This essay on Public Health Characteristics was written and submitted by user Lawrence Walsh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.